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Saturday, June 23, 2018

Vladimir Pradosudov: Chickadee Spatial Cognition (Saturday, June 30, 11am)

Vladimir Pradosudov:  
  (Saturday, June 30, 11am)
Vladimir Pravosudov 
Professor University of Nevada

Colin Chapman 
McGill University
Moderator


Some non-migratory bird species (“scatter-hoarders”) regularly store surplus food when it is abundant and then retrieve these caches throughout the winter and spring, allowing them to stay in the same places during the winter. Individual birds can make up to 500,000 caches during the year. Their ability to relocate previously made food caches is of paramount importance for their survival. They use spatial memory to find their caches. Their superior spatial memory ability is associated with a larger hippocampus, a brain region involved in spatial learning. Harsher winter conditions are associated with more food caching, better spatial memory and a larger hippocampus. Reliance on food caches for survival likely increases selection pressure on spatial cognition needed to find these caches. Highly advanced spatial cognitive abilities of food-caching birds seem to have evolved because of reliance on food caches.
Pravosudov, V. V., & Roth II, T. C. (2013). Cognitive ecology of food hoarding: the evolution of spatial memory and the hippocampus. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44, 173-193.
Roth, T. C., LaDage, L. D., Freas, C. A., & Pravosudov, V. V. (2011). Variation in memory and the hippocampus across populations from different climates: a common garden approachProceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, rspb20111020.
Croston, R., Branch, C. L., Pitera, A. M., Kozlovsky, D. Y., Bridge, E. S., Parchman, T. L., & Pravosudov, V. V. (2017). Predictably harsh environment is associated with reduced cognitive flexibility in wild food-caching mountain chickadees. Animal Behaviour, 123, 139-149.

19 comments:

  1. Thank you for your presentation Mr Pravosudov.
    As you said "Environment affects the importance of caches for survival and hence affects cognition".
    With regard to climate change and in particular to the temperature increase, do you notice changes in chickadees'behavior related to climate change? Do you think that the size of the hippocampus could decrease in relation to the adaptation to global warming?

    Thank you.

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    1. We do not see steady warming trends - instead we see extreme swings between drought and snow among years. So at least during our study periods, we do not expect to see changes in memory as some winters are colder and have much snow - favoring better memory, while other winters are dry and worm. Hypothetically though, less need for caches should lead to relaxed selection on memory and the hippocampus and may lead to changes.

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  2. Do Chickadees have a TOM ? Even more, they have a species specific TOM to discriminate from the observers who can take their food and those that cannot. Is that right?

    You briefly mentioned that the behavior of the chickadee was a bit like obsessive-compulsive behavior – a biological imperative so strong they even do it with other objects than food. Have you used this behavior (non-food caches) to further the comprehension of the special memory. Would they try to recover food from caches with a non-food object.

    I really like your way to think about your experiments in the wild – more data, more accurate, no harm done. Balancing internal validity, external validity, conceptual validity and ecological validity is a big challenge.
    Thanks for the fantastic talk!

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    1. I agree with the really interesting experiments in the wild. However, I was wondering, since the results are really different between the results in the wild and in lab, what can we conclude with the experiment in the lab? Since we don't get the same results in the wild?

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    2. I would conclude that the theoratical «all things equals otherwise» is not possible to achieve for cognition in a lab (humans and nonhumans). The context (enviroment, audience... ) has too much of an effet on cognition to not have an effect on the results.

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    3. Chickadees do seem to discriminate between potential cache pilferers and non-pilferers. Chickadees are driven hard to cache and they can cache non-food objects. I have not done any experiments with that - such behavior is usually observed in young birds. They do not recover non-food objects.
      The results from the field and the lab may or may not be very different. In our case, we actually replicated lab results in the field. However, there are man y differences as well and it is critical to evaluate how and which specific context (e.g. environment may contribute to differences) - and this may be nearly impossible to do in the lab. In a sense, in a lab animals exist in impoverished conditions at all times and such conditions likely affect cognitive performance. Nonetheless, some comparative studies can still be done comparing populations or species and assuming that captivity affects them equally. But in the end, well-designed experiments in the field are likely more realistic.

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  3. During the presentation, you mentioned that there was interference that could explain the results of the memory measurements and mediate memory performance. I know that, in humans, there is a proactive interference (which, I think, is the one you talked of) and there is also a retroactive interference. Do you think there are both interferences that can influence the memory performance of the chickadees? You mostly said that they were going back to the “old” feeder and that old memories interfered with new memories, but could we say that if you put another task that was similar to the first one learned, they would be as efficient in both tasks or there would be interference (retroactive)?

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    1. Our data suggest that we are dealing with proactive interference only. These are caching birds and keeping old memories is very critical. Retroactive interference would impair old memories and so it would be more detrimental. But in the end, our data are in line with proactive interference and not consistent with retroactive interference. In case of retroactive interference learning new task should impair memories of the old task - we do not see it.

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  4. Hi, thanks for your talk. I'm amazed at the memory capacity of these birds. I may ask this question at the panel as well, but related to this, I was wondering if you think your research has implications for how the significance of reversal learning tests should be interpreted in ethology more generally, since it seems that success on reverse learning tests can actually be connected to negative traits, such as limited memory retention?

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    1. Reversal learning test reveal memory flexibility and not much more than that. Yes, reversal learning can and has been used to test for memory interference and it can be used to test for potential trade-off between memory retention and acquiring new memories.

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  5. Wow ! J'ai été vraiment impressionnées par la diversité des études menées sur les mésanges par M. Pravosudov. J'ai surtout aimé l'aspect des tests qui ont été conduits dans l'état naturel des oiseaux. Ce qui m'a le plus étonné durant la présentation est le fait qu'autant l'espèce de mésange qui est présente en haute altitude et qui vit en liberté que la même espèce qui vit en captivité présente des aspects cognitifs semblables. J'aurais cru qu'il y aurait présence de ces aspects uniquement dans le cas de ceux qui vivent en haute altitude et qui ont BESOIN de ces capacités afin de survivre. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de différence au niveau du nombre de neurones, cela apporte d'autres changements concernant le fait que certains oiseaux sont élevés en captivité (ne pourraient pas survivre dans un habitat naturel une fois élevé en captivité).

    Aussi, j'ai été impressionnée par le simple fait que les différentes sortes de mésanges savent devant qui elles peuvent cacher leur nourriture et qui pourra par la suite le lui voler. Cela en dit beaucoup sur la cognition de ces animaux; ils ont un certain sens de compréhension de l'autre, du risque que l'autre présente et des capacités des autres sortes de mésanges. Ces petits animaux sont très fascinants.

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  6. Certains oiseaux semblent savoir qu’ils sont regardés par d’autres espèces d’oiseaux lorsqu’ils cachent leur nourriture et semblent connaître les espèces qui sont plus susceptible de voler leurs réserves alimentaires. Cela suggère-t-il une théorie de l’esprit chez certaines espèces? Les espèces avec de meilleur mémoire spatiale cache aussi plus de nourriture (jusqu’à 500 000 places), surtout les espèces qui vivent dans des environnements plus difficiles. Les changements environnementaux semblent surtout affecter la taille des neurones et non leurs nombres. La question est de savoir si les oiseaux reviennent consciemment à leur cachette de nourriture. La mémoire spatiale semble donc être aussi importante chez les oiseaux que chez les humains. Cela est en lien avec la conférence de Louis Lefebvre, qui parlait d’évolution convergente entre différentes espèces.

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    1. Je me demande sincèrement comment un individu reviendrait inconsciemment à un endroit précis après une séparation d'une durée X et être capable de retrouvé un objet (nourriture) caché. Il est peu probable que tout cela soit inconscient. Ou peut-être que je ne devrais pas associer inconscience avec chance?

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    2. Je crois qu’il est difficile de savoir s’il s’agit ou non d’un phénomène conscient. Aussi, il est difficile de prendre ces informations comme preuve d’une théorie de l’esprit chez ces espèces.

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  7. Dans sa conférence, Vladimir Pravosudov nous a montré le résultat de ses recherches sur les mésanges et leur “cognition spatiale”. Le chercheur essaie de comprendre l’évolution de la cognition spatiale dans la sélection naturelle des espèces qui stockent de la nourriture. En effet, retrouver ce qui a été entreposé suppose l’utilisation de la mémoire spatiale dans laquelle l’hippocampe joue un rôle important. Ainsi, on peut supposer que là où l’environnement est plus rude, là où l’hiver est plus rigoureux (par exemple en Alaska), les mésanges aient plus recours au stockage de nourriture, conséquemment plus recours à leur mémoire spatiale. En regardant les mésanges venant de différents environnements, on a bel et bien remarqué que non seulement le climat en tant que tel joue un rôle important, mais aussi la durée d’ensoleillement. Bien qu’il n’y ait pas plus de neurones dans le cerveau des mésanges venant de ce type de climat, on a trouvé qu’elles ont une meilleure mémoire spatiale, qu’elles stockent bel et bien plus de nourritures, qu’elles ont un plus gros hippocampe et des neurones plus larges. On voit, de cette manière, que l’environnement est important dans l’évolution de la cognition, et qu’il faut ainsi le prendre en compte lors de nos recherches en sciences cognitives. La cognition n’a pas lieu indépendamment du monde dans lequel elle advient, mais bien dans un corps qui, lui, est en constante interaction avec le monde.

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  8. Trop dommage que ceux qui ont fait leurs commentaires en français se sont privés des réponses du Professeur Pravosudov...

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  9. I've noted during the presentation that:
    - "avoiding caching food on surfaces directly facing potential pilferers, both conspecific or not (...) suggests chickadees' food-caching cognition may be similar to that of the corvids and the result of similarly complex environment."
    -"Environment affects the importance of caches for survival and hence cognition.Cognitive abilities should be similar across different food-caching species."
    -And: "Caching is an obsessive behavior: we don’t know if it can be qualified of conscious future-planning. Certain birds are relying so much on caching that they breed in winter and feed their juveniles only with cached food. This is where cognitive science and biology reach each other. From a certain point of view, survival and reproduction of the species is always a matter of future planning."
    These other researchers, studying caching in corvids,have adressed this particular issue of the notion of future planning: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830244/

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  10. Thank you for the presentation, it was really interesting. You mentioned that high-elevation chickadees had a larger hippocampus and more neurons than low elevation ones. In humans, the hippocampus is related not only to memory and spatial cognition, but also to tasks that involve conflict. While observing the two types of chickadees, did you notice any differences in behavior regarding conflict approach or avoidance?

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